0:10
the homonid includes all living apes and
0:13
humans ponini is one subf family which
0:16
includes orangutans in Asia DNA analysis
0:20
suggests that all African and Asian
0:22
descendants of homono a split from a
0:24
common ancestor around 18.3 million
0:30
this means some early hominoids migrated
0:34
time the oldest known ape fossils in
0:37
South Asia date back to the middle Meine
0:39
period about 12.5 million years ago
0:43
these fossils have been found in the
0:45
culic region of Pakistan and India as
0:49
Thailand this indicates that great apes
0:52
dispersed from Eurasia to East Asia just
0:54
before 12.5 million years
0:57
ago there are two possible migration
1:00
rades for these Apes one through South
1:03
Asia into southeast Asia for the
1:07
orangutans and another through Eastern
1:09
Eurasia to South China for the ancestors
1:13
pikus in this video we are going to
1:15
discuss the paleontological record of
1:17
Asian great apes with a special focus on
1:22
athus there are six recognized Genera of
1:25
Asian great apes including both living
1:27
and extinct species such as Pongo
1:48
aeacus among these orangutans are the
1:53
Genera there are three species of
1:57
today Pongo a from North
2:00
Sumatra Pongo tapulan is from North
2:04
Sumatra Pongo pigmus from
2:08
Borneo these species diverged around
2:11
3.38 million years ago During the plos
2:14
period fossil records show many ancient
2:17
orangutans from the pleine and
2:19
plasticine with larger teeth than
2:23
orangutans over time during the middle
2:26
and late PTO scene smaller toothed
2:32
several fossils from China and Vietnam
2:34
indicate that Pline orangutans were
2:36
larger than modern ones but gradually
2:38
became smaller over time with the last
2:41
large orangutans in South China going
2:44
extinct about 110,000 years ago and in
2:47
Northern Vietnam around 30,000 years
2:51
ago this size reduction likely coincided
2:54
with the expansion of savanas and a
2:56
decline in forests impacting their
2:58
evolution and distri distribution their
3:01
Extinction may have been due to habitat
3:05
hunting shopus is the most controversial
3:09
of all mayine Apes views about it ranged
3:12
from some calling it an ancestor of all
3:15
hominines to it being simply an ancestor
3:20
jees initially ramicus and Shiva pacus
3:23
were considered alongside early myosin
3:26
Apes such as drus and pro consol with
3:30
ramicus seen as a potential human
3:32
ancestor and the others as protog great
3:36
apes this view changed with new fossil
3:40
re-evaluation ramapithecus was merged
3:45
shipus various fossils of shiv athus
3:48
have been found including parts of the
3:51
face jaw fragments individual teeth and
3:57
body there are three known species of
4:01
shipus shipus indicus is the oldest
4:06
species living between 12.7 and 11.4
4:10
million years ago it was the smallest
4:13
and least specialized of the three
4:16
species shopus civilus lived from 11 to
4:20
8.5 million years ago it was larger than
4:24
indices and had more developed
4:27
teeth shiv aiic is Vada is the largest
4:31
species known from fossils found in one
4:34
specific location and dated to around
4:37
10.1 million years ago it had very large
4:42
teeth all three species showed
4:44
significant differences in size between
4:46
males and females similar to Modern
4:50
Apes for example male shopus IND DEQ and
4:54
shopus civil lenses weighed between 30
4:56
to 50 kg while females weigh between 20
5:02
kg in the case of shiv athus parvada
5:06
males were much heavier weighing between
5:08
68 to 75 Kg and females weighed between
5:14
kg while shipus shares some great ape
5:18
features in its hands feet and elbows
5:20
its shoulder and pelvis are more monkey
5:23
likee this suggests that shipus was more
5:27
terrestrial compared to the
5:28
predominantly AR Boral
5:30
orangutans this difference hints that
5:33
orangutan's extreme arboreal lifestyle
5:36
likely evolved later in their
5:39
history shiv athus had robust jaws and
5:43
thickly enameled teeth suggesting a diet
5:46
focused on hard or tough objects
5:49
possibly supplemented by softer fruits
5:53
its postcranial anatomy and paleoecology
5:55
indicate a preference for Woodlands
5:58
rather than dense forests like those
6:00
favored by other early
6:02
Apes the three known species of shiv
6:05
athus lived between approximately 12.5
6:08
to 8.5 million years ago with shopus
6:12
indicus being the oldest and smallest
6:14
shipus civilus the youngest and shopus
6:20
between interestingly shopus parvada is
6:25
species shiv Aus indicus includes both
6:31
jaw this fossil shows several
6:34
similarities with modern
6:35
orangutans for instance its face is
6:38
concave and oriented upwards unlike the
6:41
downward-facing faces of African apes
6:45
humans Additionally the eye sockets are
6:48
oval and narrow there is no brow Ridge
6:50
The Space Between the Eyes is very
6:52
narrow and the area between the nose and
6:55
mouth is similar to that of modern
6:59
these features suggest a possible
7:03
orangutans however the teeth and jaws of
7:05
shiv athus are more robust and less
7:08
specialized compared to
7:10
orangutans the way shiv athus moved is
7:13
still debated its upper arm bone is
7:16
curved like that of a baboon which
7:18
suggests it walked on all fours however
7:22
the thigh bone indicates climbing
7:25
Behavior other bones suggest that shiv
7:28
opacus engaged in a mix of walking on
7:30
all fours climbing vertically and moving
7:33
around on branches but did not swing
7:35
from branches like modern
7:39
orangutans the hand bones of shopus
7:42
suggest it walked on its Knuckles a
7:44
trait also seen in chimpanzees and
7:48
gorillas shiv athus appears to be an
7:50
early ancestor of orangutans with a face
7:54
similar to Modern orangutans but with
7:56
different Jaws teeth and body structure
8:01
modern orangutans are highly specialized
8:03
for climbing and Swinging From branches
8:06
with straight upper arm bones and curved
8:08
finger bones adaptations not seen in
8:12
athus the last shiv athus fossils date
8:16
back to around 8.5 million years ago
8:19
when the Evergreen forests they lived in
8:24
grasslands paleontologist elwin Simons
8:27
along with his student David beam
8:30
simplified ape classification believing
8:33
these descended from a single fossil
8:35
discovered at the fiam named
8:39
aegyptopithecus Simons and pilbeam
8:41
proposed that African Apes were related
8:43
to an African species called
8:45
dryopithecus from 22 million years
8:49
ago ramicus was proposed as a human
8:52
ancestor from The Middle mayene based on
8:55
jaw fragments found in
8:58
India Simons noted several
9:00
characteristics that linked ramapithecus
9:04
humans these included large molar teeth
9:07
a strong jaw thick tooth enamel reduced
9:11
canines and a parabolic dental
9:15
arcade thick enamel helps teeth
9:18
withstand strong bites and last longer
9:20
and reduced canines are a human trait
9:23
that shapes the tooth Row in humans to
9:25
form a parabola unlike other primates
9:30
Simons believed these traits evolved
9:32
only once and identified ramapithecus as
9:35
a relative of humans this idea was
9:37
widely accepted although some argued
9:41
it however in 1967 molecular studies
9:45
suggested that humans and apes split
9:48
from a common ancestor around 5 million
9:50
years ago this conflicted with the idea
9:53
that a 14 milliony old fossil from Asia
9:56
could be a human ancestor unless it was
10:00
Apes some asserted that no fossil older
10:04
than 8 million years could be considered
10:08
ancestor this disagreement sparked
10:11
intense debates leading to the discovery
10:14
fossils this influx of new fossils
10:17
revealed that there were many more Meine
10:19
Apes than previously
10:22
thought new fossil discoveries from the
10:25
culic mountains in Pakistan helped
10:28
resolve the debate about human ancestry
10:31
ramicus had been discovered in this
10:33
region so it was a natural place to
10:37
evidence mamalian fossil discoveries
10:40
from the region indicated a forested
10:42
habitat and nearly 100 hominoid fossils
10:46
though many were small
10:48
fragments initially the fossils were
10:51
dated to around 9 million years ago
10:53
later revised to 8 million years this
10:57
new date reduced but did not eliminate
10:59
the gap between fossil evidence and
11:03
estimates three key fossils initially
11:07
assigned to ramicus showed features that
11:09
challenged previous ideas linking
11:13
humans these fossils had straight tooth
11:15
rows and large canines which did not fit
11:22
1977 a nearly complete face in jaws of
11:25
Shiva picus were discovered the face
11:28
closely resembled that of modern
11:30
orangutans confirming a close
11:34
relationship this made it clear that
11:36
ramius was not a human ancestor but
11:39
rather closely related to
11:42
orangutans consequently the name ramicus
11:45
was dropped in favor of Shiva picus
11:49
calenus thick enamel previously thought
11:52
to be a unique trait linking ramicus to
11:54
humans was found in other myosin species
11:57
from Asia and Europe Europe including
12:02
gigantopithecus this trait was also
12:04
present in modern orangutans unlike
12:07
African great apes researchers concluded
12:10
that thick enamel was an ancient
12:12
characteristic not a unique human
12:15
trait with these new insights the
12:18
molecular clock method was fully
12:20
accepted and the fossil tree of human
12:22
evolution was redrawn to reflect these
12:26
findings after new discoveries led to a
12:29
revised understanding of human evolution
12:32
scientists reflected on what had gone
12:34
wrong one key error was misinterpreting
12:38
the significance of thick tooth
12:40
enamel originally it was thought to be a
12:43
trait linking certain fossils to humans
12:46
but it turned out to be an ancient
12:47
characteristic shared by many
12:50
species Simons and pilbeam assumed that
12:53
the past looked like the present they
12:56
believed that just like today ape
12:58
species were few and monkeys were
13:00
abundant this assumption LED them to
13:02
incorrectly match fossil Apes one to one
13:07
species however it is now understood
13:09
that during the early mayia scene Apes
13:12
were much more diverse and dominant
13:14
while monkeys Diversified
13:16
later a significant misconception was
13:19
the belief that humans are fundamentally
13:22
different from other species leading to
13:24
the assumption that human ancestors had
13:26
a long separate evolutionary history
13:30
this made the idea of human ancestors
13:33
existing 14 million years ago seem
13:35
reasonable to Simons and pilbeam however
13:39
evidence shows that the gap between
13:41
humans and their closest relatives such
13:43
as chimpanzees is small in terms of
13:49
behavior the study of molecular clocks
13:51
and fossil records has provided
13:53
significant insights into the
13:55
evolutionary history of Apes
13:57
particularly in relation to the
13:59
Divergence between humans and
14:01
chimpanzees and the spread of various
14:03
ape species across Asia and
14:07
Europe initial molecular clock estimates
14:10
place the Divergence of humans and
14:12
chimpanzees between 4 and 8 million
14:15
ago this time frame is consistent with
14:18
fossil evidence of early human ancestors
14:21
dating back around 7 million years
14:24
indicating a close alignment between
14:26
genetic data and paleontological
14:30
findings The evolutionary Narrative of
14:33
Asian Apes suggests that Apes originated
14:35
in Africa during the late alosine and
14:38
diversified significantly during the
14:43
diversification coupled with the warm
14:45
climate of the middle mayia scene
14:47
facilitated the spread of Apes to Europe
14:50
Central Asia and South and Southeast
14:52
Asia by around 12.5 million years ago
14:56
notable fossils from this period in
14:59
include those of Shiva pus luffing picus
15:06
gigantopithecus the largest known ape
15:08
lived in subtropical forests in South
15:11
China Vietnam and Northern Thailand
15:13
during the early PTO scene weighing
15:16
between 200 to 300 kg this ape had large
15:20
teeth adapted for hard foods like bamboo
15:24
shots its Extinction around 300,000
15:27
years ago is likely due to habitat loss
15:32
periods indicus gigantus lived
15:35
approximately 8.6 to 8.85 million years
15:39
ago in Northern India and
15:42
Pakistan this giant ape weighing about
15:45
150 kg had large molers and a massive
15:52
gigantopithecus Geographic barriers may
15:54
have led to its independent Evolution
15:57
endus Prov provides crucial insights
16:00
into ape diversity and evolution during
16:03
significant environmental
16:05
changes lufen picus existed during the
16:09
late Meine in un and Province South
16:12
China between 12.5 to 6.2 million years
16:16
ago these Apes exhibited significant
16:19
sexual demorphis and were well adapted
16:22
for climbing in subtropical
16:25
forests their evolutionary relationship
16:27
with orangutans remains unclear as they
16:30
show both similarities and unique
16:34
features carpathicus an ancient Ape from
16:37
Southeast Asia lived during the Meine in
16:40
Thailand and Myanmar it shared many
16:43
traits with orangutans suggesting a
16:48
relationship The evolutionary path from
16:50
Corpus to Modern orangutans is obscured
16:54
by a 5 million-year Gap in the fossil
16:57
record likely correspond to climatic
16:59
changes that created isolated Forest
17:03
refugees the rapid diversification of
17:06
early Pawn genes including shopus and
17:09
Corpus in Southeast Asia points to
17:12
significant evolutionary events the
17:15
transition to Modern orangutans likely
17:18
occurred in rainforest refuges during
17:22
periods Additionally the study of drop
17:25
AIDS and their potential role as
17:28
ancestors of African hominin suggests a
17:31
complex interplay of evolutionary paths
17:36
Africa future discoveries are expected
17:39
to fill gaps in the fossil record and
17:42
clarify the evolutionary relationships
17:44
among ancient Apes particularly the
17:46
transition from early ponin to Modern
17:51
orangutans by examining fossil records
17:53
and leveraging molecular clock estimates
17:56
scientists continue to unravel the
17:58
intricate history of Abe Evolution
18:01
shedding light on the origins and
18:02
diversification of our closest relatives
