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Did Humans wipe out Megafauna?
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Apr 9, 2025
In this video, we explore the fascinating phenomenon of the Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions, a period marked by the disappearance of Earth's large land animals—known as megafauna. This event had a profound impact on ecosystems across the globe, affecting species like mammoths, giant sloths, and sabertooth cats. We'll delve into the regional patterns of extinction across northern Eurasia, North America, South America, and Australasia, and discuss the possible causes, such as climate change, human activity, and habitat loss. The video also highlights the scientific methods used to study these extinctions, including radiocarbon dating and ancient DNA analysis, offering insights into why some regions were more affected than others. Join us as we uncover the mysteries behind one of the most significant extinction events in Earth's history. References 1. Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions on the continents: A short reviewhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.2633 2. Fifty millennia of catastrophic extinctions after human contact. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.022 3. Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3254
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[Music]
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in Earth's recent history there's a fascinating story about enormous creatures that once roamed our planet
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these massive animals called megap ruled the ancient world but their story is one
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of both wonder and tragedy their reign came to a sudden and
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puzzling end welcome to anth media in this video we will understand
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megap Extinction and the thesis that ancient humans played a significant role
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in it about 35,000 years ago the world
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experienced a series of abrupt changes the climate was becoming warmer
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ice sheets melted and sea level was rising at the same time modern humans
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were reaching new environments and using Advanced tools for survival
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humans and megaphonic coexisted for thousands of years hunting these massive
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creatures was a matter of survival cave paintings and ancient artifacts reveal our complex relationship with these
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animals megap the Giants of the prehistoric world existed on Earth for
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millions of years these include huge Marine creatures massive land dinosaurs
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and today's blue whales they they have played crucial roles in shaping ecosystems as Engineers
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Predators herbivores competitors and mutualistic partners megap has faced Extinction in
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the past due to various factors like climate change volcanic eruptions
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asteroid impacts and changes in the atmosphere however in more recent times
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particularly during the late plene and early holos scene the extinction of many
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megap species has been linked to the direct or indirect influence of modern
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humans the early human expansion across the world often coincides with the
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disappearance of these large animals by the time human colonization reached even
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remote Islands numerous species of mammals birds and tortoises had gone
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extinct the loss of megap had significant consequences for ecosystems
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these large animals interacted with many other species including plants parasites
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predators and prey their absence created a Cascade effect impacting the Web of
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Life in various ways the extinction of megap not only
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led to the loss of those animals but also affected species that relied on them this phenomenon is called
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coextinction it particularly affected organisms with close specialized relationships with megap such as
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parasites and mutualistic part Partners Recent research looked at the
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extinction of large mammal species that weighed at least 10 kg over a period from 132,000 to 1,000 years ago they
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found evidence of 177 such species that went extinct globally or on continents
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during this time Africa had 18 extinctions Asia 38
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Australia 26 Europe 19 North America 43 and South America
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62 the study also identified regions where these extinctions were most common
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Texas had the highest number of extinctions about 33 species and Uruguay
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had the highest proportion of Extinction about 78% certain areas like Southern South
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America Southeast North America Western Europe and Southern Australia were identified as Extinction hotspots while
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subsaharan Africa and Southern Asia that had fewer extinctions are considered cold
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spots the late quary period which began around 129,000 years ago and extends to
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the present saw a significant Extinction of megap across much of the
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world earlier in the PTO scene at the beginning of the quader period from
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about 2.6 million years ago both small and large species went extinct and many
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were replaced by new or immigrating species however during the late quary
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most extinctions affected large mammals along with some big birds and reptiles
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while marine animals were mostly unaffected in the 19th century
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scientists like Alfred Russell Wallace and Charles Darwin recognized this large scale
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Extinction Wallace famously noted that we now live in a zoologically impoverished world as many of Earth's
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largest and Most Fascinating creatures have disappeared today there's renewed
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interest in this topic due to concerns about current extinctions and the future of ecosystems some experts argue that we
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are currently witnessing the beginning of a sixth Extinction where many species are at risk of dying
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out scientists have made great progress in studying extinctions by using a
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method called radiocarbon dating this helps them find out how old fossils like
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bones and teeth are knowing the age of these fossils is important for understanding when and where different
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species disappeared other methods like ancient DNA analysis are employed to understand
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the loss of genetic diversity which can cause Extinction however some species like the
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musk ox have survived despite facing similar problems one of the big mysteries in the
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study of megaphon extinctions is why by some regions like North and South America and australasia or hit harder
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than others like subsaharan Africa and Southern Asia where large animals like
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elephants and rhinos still survive though they are now
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endangered understanding the reasons behind these Regional differences is a key challenge for scientists studying
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this period of Extinction factors like climate change habitat loss and human hunting are all believed to have played
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roles in these Extinction let's understand the pattern of Extinction in different regions one by
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one during the last glacial period particularly around the last glacial
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maximum between 21 and 177,000 years a large ice sheet covered much of
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Northwestern Eurasia and extensive glaciers formed in the Alps and other mountain
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ranges the vegetation in regions that are now tundra or Forest was Hur
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dominated step Tundra also known as the mammoth step forests survived only in
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southern areas although the impact of megaphon extinctions in Northern Eurasia has been
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downplayed compared to Regions like North America the losses were still
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significant in areas with good data such as Europe Russia Kazakhstan Mongolia
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northern China and Japan approximately 18 out of 49 large mammal species about
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37% when extinct these included some of the largest animals such as three species of
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elephants and two species of rhinoceroses all of which weighed over 500
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kg the extinction events in Northern Eurasia can be grouped into four phases
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the first wave occurred about 40,000 years ago but these events are less understood due to limited radiocarbon
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data the second wave happened around the start of the last glacial maximum the
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third during the late glacial and early Hol scene and the fourth in the late
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hallene each phase saw The Disappearance of different species over
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time during the early last glacial period several large animals like the
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hippopotamus and straight tusked elephant disappeared from Europe as the climate
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cooled hippos which once ranged as far north as Britain retreated South and
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vanished from the mainland though they survived longer on Mediterranean islands
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and in parts of North Africa the straight tusked elephant was
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common in Europe during a warmer period but may have survived in Iberia until
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about 50,000 years ago with some evidence suggesting it lasted even longer in Northwestern Europe although
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this data needs further confirmation similarly the narrow noed
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rhinoceros once widespread in Europe may have survived until about 45,000 years
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ago in southern regions around the start of the last glacial maximum between 30,000 and
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27,000 years ago several large species went extinct the Cave Bear or ursus Bas
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who was mostly a vegetarian disappeared around 27,500 years
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ago its Extinction is thought to be linked to colder temperatures and the declining quality of
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vegetation in contrast the brown bear survived probably because of its more flexible diet that included both plants
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and meat genetic studies show that cave bears were divided into different species across Europe and Asia with some
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regions overlapping the spotted hyena or Cruda
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Cruda also vanished from northern Eurasia around this time due to colder
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temperatures and fewer prey animals other large animals like the
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cave lion or Panther spala and giant deer or megaloceros gigantus moved
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Eastward as the ice expanded over Europe but survived for a while longer in Japan
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the Nan's elephant or pool oxidon namani went extinct around 28,000 years
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ago there is also some evidence that a sabrtooth cat orium latians survived in
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the North Sea area until about 32,000 years ago though this needs further
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verification the Neanderthals or homon neanderthalensis also disappeared around
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this time the most recent studies suggest they were gone from Europe around 41,000
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to 39,000 years ago although modern humans and Neanderthals coexisted for
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several Millenia allowing some inter breeding neanderthals likely faced
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compet ition from modern humans and worsening climate conditions which contributed to their
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Extinction meanwhile a related group called The dinaso lived in Siberia but
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very little is known about their Extinction timeline from around 4,000 years ago to
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the present several species in northern Eurasia have gone extinct often due to
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changes in climate or human activity for example musox or oios madas
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now found only in Arctic North America and Greenland survived in Northern Siberia until about 3,000 years
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ago the European ass or Equis hydrant Tinus was once widespread across Western
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Eurasia but during the Hol scene its populations became fragmented and
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restricted to southern Europe and Southwest Asia with its last recorded sighting in the caucus about 3,000 years
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ago it's extin Extinction is believed to have been driven by the loss of open habitats due to climate change and over
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hunting by humans the hydron tee ass is depicted in
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Paleolithic cave paintings and Engravings from lasca cave in France as
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well as on Neolithic pottery from Anatolia remains found with cut marks in
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archaeological SES spanning from the Paleolithic to the youngest known remains of the species in the Iron Age
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of Ross the species range including Crimea Italy the Iberian Peninsula and
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Anatolia indicated that it was hunted by people including both modern humans and
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Neanderthals in more recent history species like the arox the wild ancestor
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of domestic cattle went extinct in 1,627 in Poland due to
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hunting lions or Panther a Leo were gone from Southeastern Europe around 2,000
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years ago and they disappeared from the Middle East and North Africa in the past 200
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years leopards or Panther aparis were wiped out from Southern and Central Europe during the holos scene but
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continued to survive in Northern Eurasia China and North Korea as well as Africa
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and Southern Asia there are some species like the extinct camel or camelis nooi and the
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spiral horned Antelope or spal Kay denus that have limited data on when they
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disappeared but it's thought they vanished during a late quinary for other species like the giant
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deer or cegas ceros yab which lived in China and Japan the youngest record is
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around 44,600 years ago the extinction patterns in Northern
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Eurasia are staggered over thousands of years unlike in North America where most
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extinctions occurred rapidly during the late glacial period in Eurasia each species had its
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own complex pattern of range contraction and Extinction likely driven by
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environmental changes rather than direct human activity during the last glacial period
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North America had a rich variety of large mammals partly because of an event called the Great American biotic
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interchange around 3 million years ago North and South America were connected by the esus of Panama allowing animals
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from both continents to migrate between them this included South American
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animals like ground sloths and glyptodon moving North and North American animals heading south additionally North America
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had lower Extinction rates earlier in the Pline compared to Eurasia leading to
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a more diverse megap by the lake quary additionally North America had
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lower Extinction rates earlier in the pla scine compared to Eurasia leading to
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a more diverse megap by the lake quiner however during this period around
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69% of large mammals weighing over 45 kg went extinct including all species of
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horses interestingly although horses went extinct in North America they were
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reintroduced by the Spanish in the 16th century and thrived as feral populations
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such as the Mustangs North America's climate and vegetation changes during the last
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glacial period were similar to Northern Eurasia however the ice sheet in North America was much larger covering most of
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the northern half of the continent for many years this ice sheep
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prevented animals and humans from moving between Alaska and the rest of the
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continent but as the ice began to melt towards the end of the last icial period
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a corridor open between the two main ice sheets allowing animals and people to move between Alaska and what is now the
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contiguous United States by analyzing pollen records scientists have found that vegetation
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remained stable during the last glacial maximum between 21,000 and 17,000 years
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ago but changed rapidly in the late glacial between 16,000 and 11,500 years ago an early holos scene
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between 11,5 8,580 years
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ago after that there was little change until about 500 years ago after 12,000
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years ago as the ice retreated tigga forests spread across much of North
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America humans are thought to have first reached the Americas from Siberia Crossing into Alaska around 14,000 years
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ago they may have been unable to move further south until ice Corridor opened
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but some experts believe people could have traveled along the Pacific coast in boats around 15,000 years
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ago there is archaeological evidence of human presence in Alaska around
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13,500 years ago further south humans are known to have been present in the
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contiguous United States during the Clovis culture which is famous for its distinct stone
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tools this culture existed around 13,200 to 12,800 years ago though some
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evidence suggests that humans may have arrived a few thousand years earlier for example at the buttermilk creek site in
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Texas stone tools have been found dating back to 13,200 to
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15,500 years ago beneath Clovis a layers during alas laal period Alaska
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and the Yukon or Eastern beringia were separated from the rest of North America America by ice sheets making them a
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unique area with their own timeline of species extinctions scientists have gathered
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many radiocarbon dates from megap in this region providing clear evidence of
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when certain species disappeared for example horses or Equis species survived
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until about 14,600 years ago woolly mammoths lived until around
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13,000 400 years ago the cave lion survived until about
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13,300 years ago the SAA Antelope was present until about 14,500 years ago
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today SAA Antelope are found only in parts of Northern Eurasia interestingly woolly mammoths
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also survived on islands like St Paul in the Bearing Sea until about 6,500 years
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ago which is similar to how they survived on Rangel Island into the holos
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scene some other species like the short-faced bear and the saber-tooth cat
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disappeared much earlier before the last glacial maximum the short phed bear vanished
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around 40,000 years ago the saber-tooth cat around 24,700 years ago and the wild ass about
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35,700 years ago these extinctions happened long
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before humans arrived in the area suggesting climate and environmental changes were likely the main
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causes in addition fossils of species like the Western camel Jefferson's
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ground sloth the American Mastadon and the giant beaver found in the Yukon
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likely date back to a warmer period called the last interglacial during this time the
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climate was warmer allowing these species to EXT extend their range further north however as the climate
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cooled again they were probably driven out of the region now let's move to Canada south of
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60° latitude contiguous United States and Northern
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Mexico during the late plyto scine around 35 large animal species went
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extinct in North America there is direct evidence of human hunting for some
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species like the Colombian Mammoth and mastadon as their remains were found with Clovis
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spear points species that disappeared before the last glacial maximum 24,000 years
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ago included giant ground sloth and glyptodont others like the American
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cheetah and Sabertooth vanished around 177,000 18,000 years
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ago most extinctions occurred between 11,000 515,000 years ago including the
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American lion short-faced bear mammoth s mastadons horses and more however older
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radiocarbon dates need updating for accuracy the extinct giant tortoise was
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found as far north as Illinois during the warmer last interglacial period but it likely vanished due to colder
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temperatures in the last glacial period other species that went extinct
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in late Pine North America include several types of Kappa baras and a top
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Pier although they lack precise dating evidence additional studies including
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dating of the short-faced Bear show that it coexisted with humans and was one of
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the last megap to die out around 12,700 to 12,800 years
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ago surviving large mammals in North America today include the polar bear
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grizzly bear mountain lion elk Caribou various deer species and the American
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bison while the Bison nearly faced Extinction in the 19th century due to hunting conservation efforts have helped
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their numbers recover none of these surviving species are currently listed as
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endangered now let's understand Extinction process in South
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America in the late PTO scene South America had a diverse range of animals
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including many unique species that evolved when the continent was isolated ated this period saw significant
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megaphon extinctions with estimates suggesting that about 80% of species became
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extinct notably all horse species disappeared today the largest Native
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mammals in South America are beards to pier and the Loland to Pier weighing only about 350 and 250 kg
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respectively unlike North America and Europe South America wasn't extensively covered by glaciers during the PTO scene
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although there were glaciers in the Andes the last glacial period may have led to a shift towards open grasslands
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which favored grazing animals over tropical forests a key question is why South
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America experienced major extinctions while subsaharan Africa did not despite similar climates and vegetation one
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possibility is that most extinct megap were in southern South America which extends further South in
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Africa research is ongoing but currently there isn't enough reliable dating information to create a clear timeline
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of extinctions fortunately many South American extinctions happened within the
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range of radiocarbon dating making future research
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promising most archaeological sites in South America date to about 13,000 years
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ago or more recently with the Monty verie site in Chile being notable for dating to about
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14,800 years ago this site is recognized as one of the earliest known
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archaeological locations in the Americas based on the dates of
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Extinction of various species three groups have been created Extinction before 18,000 years
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ago includes species like Homen or Giant armadillo glyptodon and
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Hamdon Extinction between 18,000 11,000 years ago includes koronus milodon neum
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and toxodon Extinction between 11,5 8,000 years ago includes Smilodon a
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sabrtooth cat megatherium a giant ground sloth and due to curus AG
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glyptodont however more research is needed to determine if this chronological pattern is accurate some
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species might have survived into the holos scene which began around 11,700 years
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ago the australasian Eco region provides an interesting perspective for understanding megaphon
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Extinction during the pl toine era Australia Tasmania and New Guinea were
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part of a larger land mass called sahle which was connected during periods of low sea
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levels while much of the northern continents were covered by Ice Australia
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experienced exped limited glaciation but underwent significant climate changes alternating between dry and wet
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periods for instance in Queensland at a site called Lynch's crater tropical
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rainforests Thrive from about 130,000 to 78,000 years ago but then changed to
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more drought resistant plants like eucalyp and acaas between 46,000 and 11,000 years ago only to see the
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rainforest return during the Hol scene the first humans ancestors of
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modern Australian aboriginals likely arrived via southeast Asia between 62,000 and 43,000 years ago despite
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lower sea levels they would have needed boats to cross the barriers created by
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water Australia's mamalian fauna was dominated by marsupials along with a few
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egg laying mammals like the Platypus and some unique rodents and B
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the dingo a doglike animal was introduced from Southeast Asia around 3,500 years
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ago during the late Pline around 55 mammal species went extinct in Australia
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and New Guinea including about 40 megapol species the extinction event was
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significant with about 91% of Australia's megap
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disappearing one notable aspect of Australia as extinct mammals is that
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they were generally smaller than their counterparts on other continents this might be due to limited food resources
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and the vast Aid interior of the continent the largest known mammal from
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this time was the giant wombat like theodon which could weigh up to 2
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tons other large extinct species included various giant Kangaroos and a
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marsupial lion known as tholo extinctions also affected non-mean
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species for instance the giant flightless goose called gorus newon and
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the giant monitor lizard called veronis priscus or Megalania are believed to
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have disappeared around the same time most experts believe that nearly
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all megap went extinct around 46,000 years ago which is earlier than in other
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parts of the world the reasons for these extinctions are debated with overkilling
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by humans and climate being two main theories in Australia some important
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surviving species that are considered megap include red kangaroo weighing about 85
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kg Western gray kangaroo and Eastern gray kangaroo these are smaller than the red
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kangaroo emu is a flightless bird that averages around 36 kg but can weigh up
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to 50 kg kg Southern caor can weigh as much as 58
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kg especially females a significant reptilian Survivor
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is the saltwater crocodile which weighs between 400 to 1,000 kg this is the
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largest living reptile in the world and is a major predator of large land animals both in water and on
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land unfortunately several smaller marsupial species have recently gone
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extinct one well-known case is the Tasmanian wolf or Tasmanian tiger the
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Tasmanian government even paid Hunters to kill these animals the last wild Tasmanian tiger
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was shot in 1932 and the last one in captivity died in
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1936 South and Southeast Asia is a diverse region which includes the Indian
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subcontinent Southern China Southeast Asia and the islands of Indonesia and
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the Philippines while there are many records of large prehistoric animals from this
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area it's often unclear when many species went extinct due to poor geological
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data some species that likely became extinct during the late PTO scene in southern China include stegodon
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orientalis a large elephant likee creature pale oxidon patticus another
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extinct elephant OTA bonei a a giant
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panda megga Tyrus Augustus a large tapir and Ultima a type of
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hyena some of these species have also been found in Vietnam and Java claims of other megap surviving
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into more recent times have been re-evaluated and only the bubalis mephistophiles is a short horned water
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buffalo is confirmed to have existed during the early to Middle Hol scene in
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various sites in China there is still much debate and uncertainty about the causes of the
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extinctions that occurred during the late quary period the extinction of large animals
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during the late quader period seems to be closely linked to where humans lived and how long they coexisted with these
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animals rather than just climate changes this pattern is particularly noticeable
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when comparing South America to subsaharan Africa in South America there were
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significant extinctions of large animals despite the climate not changing
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drastically this contrast with subsaharan Africa where there were fewer extinctions despite similar climate
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changes in South America some fluctuations in humidity and habitat
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types might have played a role but they don't seem to be more significant than in
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Africa additionally many of the extinct species in South America were adaptable
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and could switch their diets based on the available food in North America even though
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climate and vegetation didn't change dramatically there were significant extinctions especially around 11,500 to
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10,000 years ago which coincided with the arrival of modern
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humans some experts are arguing that climate change alone couldn't have caused the extinction of large animals
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in Australia they say there's no clear explanation of how increasing dryness or aridity could
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have led to the extinction of big animals without affecting smaller ones or making animals adapt to the changing
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conditions they also mentioned that modern large herbivores can survive in dry and changeable climates because they
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have low energy and water needs eat various foods can live in different habitats and can go without food for a
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while in contrast smaller animals might struggle more when resources become
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scarcer due to climate change overall this suggests that human
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activities such as hunting and habitat modification played a crucial role in
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the extinction of these large animals often more so than climate
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changes those who support climate change as a cause of Extinction have to explain
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why available habitats wouldn't have expanded during Ice Age climate
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they point out that as Australia became drier and sea levels dropped more land
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became exposed along the coast forming large Plains these changes should have
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actually benefited large animals not caused their Extinction they also mentioned that there's no strong
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evidence that the habitats necessary for most big animals got
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smaller one Theory suggests that the disruption of habitats by early humans could explain extinctions changes in
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vegetation and shifts in climate in central Australia between 50,000 and 45,000
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years ago there was a sudden and permanent transformation of Landscapes from tree and shrub savanas to the Arid
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scrub we see today they argue that the only other significant environmental change
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comparable to this happened when Europeans brought in grazing animals like cattle and rabbits they also
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mention evidence of burnt emu eggshells suggesting that humans interacted with extinct
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animals in Northern Australia they found that Landscapes managed by indigenous
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people using fire look different which might have made it harder for large animals to find
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food but hallene is a geological Epoch that began around 11,700 years ago and continues to the
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present day its char characterized by relatively stable climate conditions
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compared to earlier periods monsoons are seasonal winds that bring heavy rainfall during certain
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times of the year crucial for agriculture and ecosystems in those
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regions initially scientists thought that the hallene monsoon failure might have been caused by reaching a specific
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limit or threshold related to water conditions however Recent research
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proposes a different explanation researchers suggest that early human
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activities particularly the systematic burning of vegetation may have played a significant role early humans possibly
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through the intentional use of fire could have altered the landscape by changing the types and distribution of
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plants in dry and semiarid areas the extinction of large animals
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wasn't solely due to climate change extinctions around the world coincide with the arrival of humans suggesting a
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human role the debate has shifted from climate versus humans to how humans did it they
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emphasize that studying how climate change soil conditions landscape fires
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and other ecological factors interact with human activities is crucial they
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also mention that hypotheses should be testable and that various scientific
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methods including ecological and evolutionary theories should be used to
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gain gain a better understanding of this prehistoric Extinction event
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