0:06
the time period between 770,000 and
0:09
126,000 years ago Earth was buzzing with
0:12
action this period called middle PL to
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scene was a pivotal era in human history
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it witnessed the rise of various human
0:19
species across different parts of the
0:22
world modern humans emerged in Africa
0:25
while Neals made their Mark in Europe
0:27
and the denisovans left their traces in
0:31
Asia alongside Advanced species more
0:34
primitive features were seen in Homo
0:36
erectus homon Nady and Homo
0:39
florensis earlier species like homo
0:41
antecessor in Spain and Homo lenensis in
0:44
the Philippines added to the
0:46
diversity during the middle Placer scene
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significant changes in human morphology
0:51
behavior and Technology occurred brain
0:54
volume increased sharp Lelo tools
0:56
emerged and evidence of fire use in
0:58
complex settlements reflected in
1:01
abilities this era was influenced by the
1:04
early to Middle plac to scene transition
1:06
marked by global climatic fluctuations
1:08
impacting ecosystems human populations
1:10
and their evolutionary
1:13
trajectory ancient DNA studies show
1:15
insights into relationships between
1:17
nandal denans and modern humans modern
1:20
humans diverge from nandal around
1:22
500,000 years ago and dinas Evans around
1:27
ago these findings illustrate diverse
1:29
evolutionary paths taken by human groups
1:32
over hundreds of thousands of years
1:34
highlighting the dynamic nature of human
1:38
worldwide between approximately 600,000
1:41
and 300,000 years ago different
1:43
populations of a common ancestor began
1:45
to show variations leading to the
1:47
formation of distinct groups these
1:49
groups or subspecies were geographically
1:52
separated but still belonged to the same
1:56
species after 300,000 years ago new
1:59
species emerge from these differentiated
2:01
populations these new species were
2:03
defined based on genetic morphological
2:06
and behavioral differences known as
2:09
apomorphies there's ongoing debate about
2:12
how these speciation events occurred and
2:13
the taxonomic status of many fossil
2:15
specimens found in Africa and Eurasia
2:18
the most curious question is the exact
2:20
identity of the last common ancestor
2:22
from which modern humans Neals and
2:24
denisovans ultimately
2:27
originated most Scholars identify homo
2:30
heidelbergensis as the last common
2:31
ancestor based on fossil evidence homo
2:34
heidelbergensis existed between
2:36
approximately 900,000 and 300,000 years
2:39
ago and exhibited significant
2:41
variability in morphology and
2:44
geography some propose homo antecessor
2:47
as a potential last common ancestor
2:49
mainly based on the modern like facial
2:51
features observed in homo antecessor
2:55
Spain in 1907 a Jawbone was found near
2:58
heidleberg Germany in the Sands
3:00
deposited by the NECA River the species
3:04
bensis popularly known as the ma jaw it
3:07
was well preserved lacking a bony chin
3:10
but with teeth similar to those of
3:13
humans primitive features in the
3:15
specimen suggested that homo hyal beines
3:17
could be distinguished from Asian and
3:19
African representatives of homo erectus
3:22
the Mau jaw is often grouped with
3:23
mandals and partial craniums from arago
3:25
cave in France and petralona in
3:27
Greece if we include the de los wos in
3:31
Spain additional skulls and numerous
3:33
postcranial bones can be added to the
3:37
hyp the petrona and arago specimens also
3:40
share anatomical similarities with
3:42
crania from various locations including
3:44
broken Hill skull from cabi and Zambia
3:46
alans Fontaine in South Africa and Bodo
3:48
from the middle wash of
3:50
Ethiopia this suggests that homo highle
3:52
berens is may have inhabited both Africa
3:54
and Europe the species is considered
3:57
potentially related not only to neales
3:59
but also Al to modern
4:02
humans anatomically homo highle Bens has
4:05
had a bigger brain compared to Homo
4:06
erectus averaging around
4:11
cm the skull relatively is taller than
4:16
erectus the front of the head is wider
4:18
the sides are high and arched like in
4:20
modern humans and the back is more
4:22
rounded the part at the back of the
4:24
skull is longer than in Homo
4:27
rectus the jaw joint is similar to that
4:29
of Homo sapiens along with certain parts
4:31
of the ear bone the Bony ridge above the
4:34
eyes in is still quite
4:36
large the front part of the head is
4:39
flatter like in Homo rectus the overall
4:41
shape is less round compared to modern
4:43
humans the face is connected to the
4:45
skull in a way that emphasizes the
4:49
face the nose opening is more
4:52
vertical and the canal in the front of
4:54
the upper jaw is placed more forward
4:58
erectus the point where the two halves
5:00
of the jaw meat is receding and there's
5:03
a developed internal area for the teeth
5:06
European jaws of homo hyle burges also
5:11
neanderthals some individuals from simad
5:13
Los wesos were tall and robust with limb
5:16
bones at a pelvis suggesting possible
5:18
differences in size between males and
5:20
females similar to what we see in recent
5:23
populations the classification of homo
5:25
heidelbergensis in the Human family Tree
5:27
is a debated topic the ma mandible
5:30
dating back 69,000 years is among the
5:33
oldest middle plac to scen fossils in
5:35
Europe aligning with findings in Bodo
5:39
Africa some scientists suggest replacing
5:42
homo H highle bines with homo bones
5:45
supporter Sate clarifies middle PL toen
5:47
homing classification especially from
5:49
Africa and the Eastern
5:51
Mediterranean opponents argue against
5:53
changing long-standing names expressing
5:56
concerns about confusion and potential
5:58
political motivations
6:01
the evolution and classification of
6:02
these middle place to scen hominins is
6:04
debated one view groups populations into
6:07
evolving grades within Homo sapiens
6:09
indicating a single lineage with brain
6:13
advancements alternatively some propos
6:16
cladogenesis within homo arguing for a
6:18
unique morphology in living humans that
6:20
separates them from most fossil hominin
6:23
they believe only those sharing specific
6:25
features should be considered Homo
6:27
sapiens some researchers proposed two
6:31
lineages the European Branch including
6:33
neanderthals traces back to the middle
6:35
place to seene through fossils like
6:36
petrona arago sosos and Mau this
6:40
perspective suggests repeated speciation
6:43
events another lineage rooted in Africa
6:46
includes specimens like broken Hill
6:48
elans fontine and Bodo referred to as
6:51
homo ranis some late members display a
6:54
mix of archaic and modern
6:56
features an alternative view argues
6:59
minor morphological differences in
7:01
ancient European and African fossils
7:03
attributing them to geography and
7:04
ingroup variation this approach
7:07
Advocates classifying them under one
7:09
taxon homo hyal bensis challenging
7:14
lenes if the broader homo hyal berens
7:16
this classification is accepted it could
7:19
be the ancestor to neanderthals and
7:22
sapiens determining the preferred
7:24
scenario depends on the strength of
7:27
similarities notably findings from the
7:30
Petr Cranium support homo highle bensis
7:32
as a widespread polytypic
7:36
species around 1,000 to 900,000 years
7:39
ago Earth's climate experienced glacial
7:44
years at the beginning of the middle
7:46
Placer scene there was a notable change
7:48
in the environment marked by The
7:49
Disappearance of villa franch in forers
7:51
leading to a decline or disappearance of
7:54
human populations using Alo and
7:57
tools after about 650,000 years ago
8:00
there was a shift in Europe we start
8:01
seeing the use of more advanced auline
8:04
tools associated with human remains the
8:07
tools and fossils indicate similarities
8:10
contexts it suggests a possible
8:12
migration route from Africa to Europe
8:16
East in West Asia ailean Technologies
8:19
possibly originating in Africa appeared
8:22
before 1.35 million years ago like from
8:24
muia in Israel and from 750,000 years
8:27
ago onwards from jesha Yakov in
8:31
Israel this aligns with archaeological
8:33
sites and human fossils in mid low
8:35
latitude regions of Africa and
8:38
Europe fossils from Mau in Germany and
8:40
arago cave in France distinct from homo
8:43
antecessor resemble those from tenine in
8:45
Algeria suggesting homo hyal burin is
8:48
spread from Africa to Eurasia
8:52
artifacts these findings including tools
8:55
and human remains in Italy and Frei
8:57
indicate advancement Poss L influenced
9:00
by Africa through the West
9:03
Asia after reaching Europe in the middle
9:05
place to San homo highle Bergens is
9:07
adapted to harsh conditions during
9:08
glacial Cycles leading to neand ofal
9:10
characteristics through genetic drift in
9:14
groups concurrently homo heidleberg inis
9:17
in Africa evolve toward anatomically
9:19
modern Homo sapiens fossils from
9:22
locations like aad in Morocco omo in
9:25
Ethiopia herto in the middle wash region
9:27
and Loli in Tanzania dou this
9:29
progression towards Homo
9:32
sapiens scientists are debating recent
9:34
findings at se Los wesos challenging our
9:37
understanding of nandal
9:39
evolution the skulls from simad dillos
9:41
wesos exhibit traits expected in early
9:43
neanderthals especially sh5 which
9:47
features characteristics like a bony
9:50
ridge above the eyes broad nasal bones
9:52
and a distinct part of the back of the
9:54
head suggests similarities to
9:57
neanderthals the teeth from sadilla wos
9:59
closely resemble nandal teeth compared
10:02
to other ancient skulls like MAA or
10:04
arago simos wos skulls appear more
10:08
like some scientists propose Sim deos
10:11
wesos as the source population for
10:13
neanderthals while MAA and arago
10:16
represent a different
10:18
group this suggests two coexisting
10:20
species during a European Middle plac to
10:22
scene one is homo hurens as predating
10:25
neales and second is early neales
10:28
challenging previous Notions of human
10:31
complexity fossils across Europe hint
10:34
that neithal traits showed up first in
10:35
the Western and Atlantic regions and
10:39
later genetic signals also complicate
10:42
things mitochondrial DNA suggests a link
10:44
to denans while nuclear DNA shows closer
10:46
ties to neales this makes it hard to
10:49
place simillis Wessel with neales
10:52
especially with denans in the
10:54
mix Homo sapiens likely originated in
10:57
Africa during the late middle place
10:59
scene potentially evolving from homo hi
11:01
highle berces due to climate
11:04
shifts following Homo erectus a gap in
11:07
fossil record spans 900 to 600,000 years
11:10
ago with Advanced features emerging
11:13
around 600,000 years ago mainly in
11:15
Southeastern Africa further advancements
11:18
including larger brains and modern
11:20
features occurred around 300,000 years